Understanding What Administrators See
as Barriers to the Adoption of Technology for Learning and Intervention
Measures to Overcome the Barriers
by David S. Bail
[This article has been divided into a number
of separate web pages for browser-loading ease. You may view
(and select) the contents by section title from the Contents,
or click on the "Next" button at the bottom of each
page.]
References
Abramson, P. (1995, January). "Under
construction: The on-ramp to the information highway is paved
with good intentions and high expectations. Results of AS&U's
first technology in schools survey." AS&U (American
School and University)pp. 19-22.
Adams, J. S. (1963, November). "Toward
an understanding of inequity." Journal of Abnormal and Social
Psychology. pp. 422-436. Excerpted in Szilagyi, A. D. , &
Wallace Jr. , M. J. (1990). Organizational behavior and performance
(5th Ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
Adizes, I. (1988). Corporate lifecycles:
How and why corporations grow and die and what to do about it.
Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.
Annual Report. (1991-92, 1992-93, 1993-94,
and 1994-95). (4 Editions). Riverside CA: Riverside Unified School
District.
Argyris, C. , & Schon, D. A. (1978).
Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. Reading
MA: Addison-Wesley. Quoted in Balasubramanian, V. (1994, November
23). "Organizational learning and information systems."
Electronically published on the Internet at URL = http://www.bmgt.umd.edu/Business/AcademicDepts/IS/Learning/orglrn1.html.
Augenblick, J. , Van de Water, G. , &
Fulton, M. (1993, April). How much are schools spending?: A 50-state
examination of expenditure patterns over the last decade. Denver
CO: Education Commission of the States.
Bagley, W. (1931). Education, crime, and
social progress. New York: MacMillan.
Baker, L. M. (1993, January). "Promoting
success in educational partnerships involving technology."
ERIC Document No. ED362150, IR016306.
Balasubramanian, V. (1994, November 23).
"Organizational learning and information systems."
Electronically published on the Internet at URL = http://www.bmgt.umd.edu/Business/AcademicDepts/IS/Learning/orglrn1.html.
Banks, D. (1995, December). "The Java
Saga: Sun's Java is the hottest thing on the Web since Netscape.
Maybe hotter. But for all the buzz, Java nearly became a business-school
case study in how a good product fails. The exclusive inside
story of bringing Java to market." Wired. pp. 166-246.
Baskin, K. (1995, January-February). "DNA
for corporations: Organizations learn to adapt or die."
The Futurist, Future View. p. 68.
Brennan, E. C. (1991). Improving elementary
teachers' comfort and skill with instructional technology through
school-based training. (Doctoral practicum, Nova University).
ERIC Document No. ED339348, IR015290.
Brown, N. O. (1985). Life against death:
The psychoanalytical meaning of history. Middletown CT: Wesleyan
University Press.
Cassidy, S. , & Lane, C. (1994 , August).
"Planned change and the adoption of distance learning."
ED Journal (Vol. 8, No. 8). pp. J-11-J-19. Published in ED- Education
at a Distance. Livermore CA: Applied Business teleCommunications,
United States Distance Learning Association.
Capra, F. (1982). The systems view of life.
In F. Capra, The turning point. (pp. 265-304). New York: Simon
& Schuster.
Clark, E. T. Jr. , & Coletta, W. J.
(1981). Ecosystem education: A strategy for social change. In
J. C. Coomer (Ed.), Quest for a sustainable society (pp. 183-207).
New York: Pergamon Press.
"Computers in schools." (1995,
April 4). USA Today. p. 9D.
Conley, D. T. (1993). Roadmap to restructuring.
ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management, University of Oregon.
Cited in Lane, C. , & Cassidy, S. (1994, June). "The
role of technology in the systemic reform of education and training."
Ed Journal (Vol. 8 , No. 6). Published in ED-Education at a Distance.
Livermore CA: Applied Business teleCommunications, United States
Distance Learning Association.
Cooper, R. G. , & Kleinschmidt, E.
J. (1990). The key factors in success. Chicago: American Marketing
Association. Cited in Kotler, P. (1994). Marketing management:
Analysis, planning, implementation, and control (8th Ed.). Englewood
Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.
Cornish, E. (1996). "The cyber future:
92 ways our lives will change by the year 2025." In The
Futurist. (1996, January-February). Between pp. 26-43.
Cox, P. , & deFrees, J. (1991). "Work
in progress: Restructuring in ten Maine schools." Augusta
ME: Prepared for the Maine Department of Education. Quoted in
Fullan, M. (1994). Change forces: Probing the depths of educational
reform. (2nd Ed.). Bristol PA: Falmer Press. (ERIC Document ED
373391, EA 025979).
Curry, B. K. (1991). "institutionalization:
The final phase of the organizational change process. Administrator's
Notebook. 35.1 Chicago: University of Chicago, Midwest Administration
Center. Quoted in: Curry, B. K. (1992, November). "Instituting
enduring innovations: Achieving continuity of change in higher
education." Washington DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher
Education. (ERIC Digest No. ED358811, HE026562).
Curry, B. K. (1992, November). "Instituting
enduring innovations: Achieving continuity of change in higher
education." Washington DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher
Education. (ERIC Digest No. ED358811, HE026562).
David, J. L. (1991, September). "Restructuring
and technology: Partners in change." Phi Delta Kappan. 73,
1. Quoted in Lane, C. , & Cassidy, S. (1994, June). "The
role of technology in the systemic reform of education and training."
Ed Journal (Vol. 8 , No. 6). Published in ED-Education at a Distance.
Livermore CA: Applied Business teleCommunications, United States
Distance Learning Association.
Davis, S. , & Botkin, J. (1994, September-October).
"The coming of knowledge-based business." Harvard Business
Review. pp. 165-170.
Dierker, R. A. (1995). The future of electronic
education. In E. Boschmann (Ed.), A handbook for education in
the electronic environment . Publisher: Education Today. (From
The Futurist , 1995, September-October, World Trends and Forecasts).
Dodgson, M. (1993). "Organizational
learning: A review of some literatures." Organization Studies
(Vol. 14 No. 3). pp. 375-394. Quoted in Balasubramanian, V. (1994,
November 23). "Organizational learning and information systems."
Electronically published on the Internet at URL = http://www.bmgt.umd.edu/Business/AcademicDepts/IS/Learning/orglrn1.html.
Drucker, P. F. (1993). Post-capitalist
society. New York: HarperBusiness.
Drucker, P. F. (1954). The practice of
management. (1986 edition). New York: HarperBusiness.
Drucker, P. F. (1994, November). "The
age of social transformation." Atlantic Monthly (electronic
edition available on America Online/Newsstand).
Education Vital Signs 1995. (1995, December).
Bushweller, K. (Ed.). A supplement to The Executive Educator.
pp. A1-A31.
Erickson, H. W. (1994, June). "Tie
technology to school change." The Executive Educator. p.
18.
Farid, M. (1984, November). "Economics
of information in education." Syracuse NY: ERIC Clearinghouse
on Information Resources. (ERIC Digest No. ED253255).
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive
dissonance. New York: Harper & Row. Excerpted in Kast, F.
E. , & Rosenzweig, J. E. (1979) Organization and management:
A systems and contingency approach (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Fiol, C. M. , & Lyles, M. A. (1985).
"Organizational learning". Academy of Management Review
(Vol. 10 No. 4:). pp. 803-813. Quoted in Balasubramanian, V.
(1994, November 23). "Organizational learning and information
systems." Electronically published on the Internet at URL
= http://www.bmgt.umd.edu/Business/AcademicDepts/IS/Learning/orglrn1.html.
Fullan, M. G. , & Miles, M. B. (1992,
June). "Getting reform right: What works and what doesn't."
Phi Delta Kappan. (Vol. 73, No. 10). pp. 745-752.
Fullan, M. (1994). Change forces: Probing
the depths of educational reform. (2nd ` Ed.). Bristol PA: Falmer
Press. (ERIC Document ED 373391, EA 025979).
Goodson, B. (Ed. ). (1991, March). Teachers
and technology: Staff development for tomorrow's schools: A Technology
Leadership Network special report. Alexandria VA: National School
Boards Association, Institute for the Transfer of Technology
to Education.
Hamilton, J. , & Thompson, A. (1992,
February). "The adoption and diffusion of an electronic
network for education." EDRS Publisher. (ERIC Document No.
ED347991, IR015728).
Hammer, M. & Champy, J. (1993). Reengineering
the corporation: A manifesto for business revolution. New York:
HarperBusiness.
Handy, C. (1994). The age of paradox. Boston:
Harvard Business School Press.
Harmon, w. (1991). Global mind change:
The promise of the last years of the twentieth century. Boston:
Sigo Press.
Hawking, S. (1988). A brief history of
time: From the big bang to black holes. New York: Bantam.
Heaviside, S. , Farris, E. , Malitz, G.
, & Carpenter, J. (1995, February). Advance telecommunications
in U.S. public schools, k-12. Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement,
National Center for Education Statistics. (E.D. Tabs, NCES 95-731).
Hubbard, S. (1987, December). "Information
skills for an information society: A review of research."
Syracuse NY: ERIC Clearinghouse on Information Resources (ERIC
Digest No. ED327216 IR053435).
Huber, G. P. (1991). "Organizational
learning: The contributing processes and the literatures."
Organization Science (Vol. 2 No. 1). pp. 88-115. Quoted in Balasubramanian,
V. (1994, November 23). "Organizational learning and information
systems." Electronically published on the Internet at URL
= http://www.bmgt.umd.edu/Business/AcademicDepts/IS/Learning/orglrn1.html.
Institute for Education Leadership. (1995).
Assignment incomplete: The unfinished business of education reform.
New York: Public Agenda Foundation.
Kast, F. E. , & Rosenzweig, J. E. (1979).
Organization management: A systems and contingency approach (3rd
Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kennedy, P. (1987). The rise and fall of
the great powers. New York: Random House.
Killian, C. (1994, November/December).
"Why teachers fear the internet: Many teachers must learn
to see the internet as an ally rather than a threat." Internet
World. pp. 86-87.
Kotler, P. (1994). Marketing management:
Analysis, planning, implementation, and control (8th Ed.). Englewood
Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kotter, J. P. (1995, March-April). "Leading
change: Why transformation efforts fail." Harvard Business
Review. pp. 59-67.
Kotter, J. P. (1995, November-December).
"Lifetime learning: The new educational imperative."
The Futurist. pp. 27-29.
Kreisberg, J. C. (1995, June). "A
globe clothing itself with a brain: An obscure Jesuit priest,
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, set down the philosophical framework
for planetary, net-based consciousness 50 years ago." Wired,
Electrosphere, pp. 108-113.
Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The structure of scientific
revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lane, C. , & Cassidy, S. (1994, June).
"The role of technology in the systemic reform of education
and training." Ed Journal (Vol. 8 , No. 6). Published in
ED- Education at a Distance. Livermore CA: Applied Business teleCommunications,
United States Distance Learning Association.
"Looking ahead." (1995, January).
Technology & Learning. pp. 20-24. Reston VA: National School
Boards Association.
Madique, M. A. , & Zirger, B. J. (1984,
November). "A study of success and failure in product innovation:
The case of the U.S. electronics industry." IEEE Transactions
on Engineering Management. pp. 192-203. Cited in Kotler, P. (1994).
Marketing management: Analysis, planning, implementation, and
control (8th Ed.). Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.
Main, R. G. , and Roberts, L. (1990, December).
"Educational technology in the California public schools:
A statewide survey." Educational Technology. pp. 6-19.
Mandel, M. J. , Melcher, R. A. , Yang,
D. J. , & McNamee, M. (1995, April 17). "Will schools
ever get better?: Enrollments are up, money is tight--but there's
hope. " Business Week. pp. 64-68.
Mason, R. M. (1993). "Strategic information
systems: Use of information technology in a learning organization".
Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Hawaii International Conference
on System Sciences '93 s24 , CA: IEEE Press, pp. 840-849. Qouted
in Balasubramanian, V. (1994, November 23). "Organizational
learning and information systems." Electronically published
on the Internet at URL = http://www.bmgt.umd.edu/Business/AcademicDepts/IS/Learning/orglrn1.html.
Massey, W. F. , & Zemsky, R. (1995,
June). "Using information technology to enhance academic
productivity." Paper presented to the Wingspread Enhancing
Academic Productivity Conference, June 1995. Electronically published
on the internet at URL = http://www.notredame.ac.jp/ftppub/library/EDUCOM/massy.html.
McCaslin, N. L., & Torres, R. M. (1992,
December). "Latent factors underlying vocational teachers'
attitudes toward using microcomputers for supplementing in-service
education." ERIC Document No. ED352482, CE062620).
McKenzie, J. (1991, May). "Engendering
a change ethic in the next generation." From Now On: A Monthly
Electronic Commentary on Educational Technology Issues. Electronically
published on the internet at URL= http://www.pacificrim.net/~mckenzie.
McKenzie, J. (1992, May). "Restructuring
and the new technologies: Conflict or compatibility?." From
Now On: A Monthly Electronic Commentary on Educational Technology
Issues. Electronically published on the internet at URL= http://www.pacificrim.net/~mckenzie.
McLuhan, M. (1964). (2nd Ed., 1966). Understanding
media: The extensions of man. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Metzger, C. (1995, Winter). "How to
computerize your school district." California Schools. pp.
27-30.
Milstein, M. M. , & Inbar, D. E. (1988,
April). "The ABCs of organizational behavior." ERIC
Document No. ED298604, EA020189.
Mitchell, D. E. , & Tucker, S. (1992,
February). "Leadership as a way of thinking." Educational
Leadership. (Vol. 49 No. 5). pp. 30-35. (ERIC Document No. EJ439281).
Modis, T. (1994, September-October). "Life
cycles: Forecasting the rise and fall of almost anything. "
The Futurist. pp. 20-25. Excerpted from Modis, T. (1992). Predictions:
society's telltale signature reveals the past and forecasts the
future. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Naisbitt, J. (1982). Megatrends: Ten new
directions transforming our lives. New York: Warner Books.
National Alliance of Business. (1991).
The business roundtable participation guide: A primer for business
on education. New York: The Business Roundtable.
Needham, R. L. (1986, March). "Are
communications technologies in education a threat to faculty?"
Los Angeles: ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges. (ERIC Digest
No. ED269114, JC860267).
Nevis, E. C. , DiBella, A. J. , & Gould,
J. M. (1995, Winter). "Understanding organizations as learning
systems." Sloan Management Review. pp. 73-85.
Newman, D. (1992, December). "Technology
as support for school structure and school restructuring."
Phi Delta Kappan. pp. 308-315.
Norris, K. (1993). Dakota: A spiritual
geography. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Papert, S. (1993). The children's machine:
Rethinking school in the age of the computer. New York: BasicBooks,
division of HarperCollins.
Peraya, D. (1994, April). "Distance
education and the WWW." Paper presented at the World Wide
Web Conference Workshop "Teaching & Learning With The
Web," May 25-27, 1994, Geneva. Electronically published
on the internet at URL = http://tecfasun1.unige.ch/edu.ws94/contrib/peraya.fm.html.
Peppers, D. , & Rogers, M. (1995, April).
"Hunter-gathers of the world unite!" Wired, Idees Fortes,
p. 107-108.
Pereira, F. , Harrison, J. , & Johnson,
C. (1995). Building the national information infrastructure in
k-12 education: A comprehensive survey of attitudes towards linking
both sides of the desk. Los Angeles: University of Southern California,
Center for Telecommunications Management, commissioned by the
American Electronics Association of Santa Clara CA.
Perelman, L. J. (1987, October). Technology
and transformation of schools: An ITTE Technology Leadership
Network special report. Alexandria VA: National School Boards
Association, Institute for the Transfer of Technology to Education.
Popcorn, F. (1991). The popcorn report:
Faith Popcorn on the future of your company, your world, your
life. New York: Doubleday.
Preston, N. R. (Ed.). (1990). "Trends
and issues in educational technology." Syracuse NY: ERIC
Clearinghouse on Information Resources (ERIC Digest No. ED320569).
Resnick, M. (1994, July). "Changing
the centralized mind." Technology Review. pp. 32-40. Excepted
from Turtles, termites, and traffic jams: Exploration in massively
parallel microworlds. (1994). Boston: MIT Press.
Rising to the challenge: A new agenda for
California schools and communities. (1995). Denver CO: Education
Commission of the States.
RIMS (Riverside-Inyo-Mono-San Bernardino).
(1995, April 4). "Synopsis of current major educational
reform documents." Paper presented at a meeting of curriculum
coordinators at the San Bernardino County (California) Office
of Education.
Robinson, G. E. , & Brandon, D. P.
(1994). NAEP test scores: Should they be used to compare and
rank state educational quality? Arlington (VA): Educational Research
Service.
Rogers, A. (1995, June 4). "Global
literacy in a Gutenberg culture." Electronically published
on the internet at URL=http://www.gsn.com/articles. (An abridged
version of this article was published as "Living in the
global village'" in Electronic Learning Magazine, 1994 May/June,
pp. 28-29).
Rogers, G. E. , & Wilson, R. D. (1992,
December). "How do Idaho post-secondary T&I instructors
feel about time-shortened tech-prep articulation?" ERIC
Document No. ED352494, CE062635.
Russell, P. (1995). The global brain awakens:
Our next evolutionary leap. Palo Alto (CA): Global Brain Inc.
Samuelson, R. J. (1996, January). "Great
expectations." Newsweek. pp. 24-33.
Senge, P. M. (1990/1994). The fifth discipline:
The art & practice of the learning organization (2nd ed.
). New York: Currency Doubleday. (Original work published 1990)
Sherif, M. , & Sherif, C. W. (1969).
Social Psychology. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 228-262. Excerpted
in Szilagyi, A. D. , & Wallace Jr. , M. J. (1990). Organizational
behavior and performance (5th Ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
Snow, C. B., Ph.D. ((1989, 1993). Mass
dreams of the future. Crest Park, CA: Deep Forest Press.
Stacey, R. (1992). Managing the unknowable.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Quoted in Fullan, M. (1994). Change
forces: Probing the depths of educational reform. (2nd Ed.).
Bristol PA: Falmer Press. (ERIC Document ED 373391, EA 025979).
Stettler, L. M. (!995, September). "Planning
a la mode: Match your technology mix to students' learning patterns."
Electronic School. pp. A28-A29.
Surry, D. W. , & Gustafson, K. L. (1994).
The role of perceptions in the adoption of computer-based learning."
EDRS Publisher. (ERIC Document No. ED374788, IR016832).
Strategic plan: A vision of the future,
the. (1990-91, 1993-94, and 1995-96). (3 Editions). Riverside
CA: Riverside Unified School District.
Stephens, D. , et al. (1993, October).
"Toward understanding teacher change. Technical report no.
585." ERIC Document No. ED361667, CS011402.
Szilagyi, A. D. , & Wallace Jr. , M.
J. (1990). Organizational behavior and performance (5th Ed.).
New York: HarperCollins.
Teachers and technology: Making the connection.
(1995). Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment.
(U.S. Government Printing Office, OTA-EHR-616, April 1995).
Technology plan-year 2000: 1995-97 action
plan. (1995). Riverside CA: Riverside Unified School District.
Thornburg, D. D. (1991). Edutrends 2010:
Restructuring, technology, and the future of education. Mountain
View CA: Starsong Publications.
Tipler, F. J. (1994). The physics of immortality.
New York: Doubleday.
Thompson, J. (1994, May). "Systemic
education reform." Eugene OR: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational
Management. (ERIC Digest No. ED370178).
Thurston, B. (1995, April 4). "A push
to save funding for school computers." USA Today. p. 1D.
Toffler, A. Future shock. (1970). New York:
Random House.
Toffler, A. Powershift. (1990). New York:
Bantam.
Toffler, A. The third wave. (1980). New
York: William Morrow.
Toward a knowledge network: Technology
transformation for 21st century learning. (1993). Riverside CA:
Riverside Unified School District.
Uebbing, S. J. (1995, November). "Planning
for technology." The Executive Educator. pp. 21-23.
"Using technology for systemic reform."
(May 1995). Strategies for School System Leader on District-Level
Change. (Vol. 2 No. 1). Seacaucus NJ: Panasonic Foundation, in
cooperation with the American Association of School Administrators.
Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation.
New York: Wiley. Excerpted in Szilagyi, A. D. , & Wallace
Jr. , M. J. (1990). Organizational behavior and performance (5th
Ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
Ward, A. W. (Ed. ). (1994). Multimedia
and learning: A school leader's guide: A Technology Leadership
Network special report. Alexandria VA: National School Boards
Association, Institute for the Transfer of Technology to Education.
Weissglass, J. (1991). "Teachers have
feelings: What can we do about it?" Journal of Staff Development.
(Vol. 12, No. 1). pp. 28-33.
Whetzel, D. (1992). "The Secretary
of Labor's commission on achieving necessary skills." Washington
DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Tests, Measurement, and Evaluation.
(ERIC Digest No. ED339749)
White, C. S. (1991, May). "Information
technology and the informed citizen: New challenges for government
and libraries." Bloomington IN: ERIC Clearinghouse for Social
Studies/Social Science Education. (ERIC Digest No. ED331528).
Wilkinson, G. (1984, September). "Excellence
through educational technology; Some prior considerations."
Syracuse NY: ERIC Clearinghouse on Information Resources. (ERIC
Digest No. ED254212).
Wilson, B. G. (1995, May 3). "The
postmodern paradigm." To appear in C. Dills and A. Romiszowski
(Ed.). Instructional design: The state of the art (Vol. 3). Englewood
Cliffs NJ: Educational Technology Publications. Electronically
published on the internet at URL = http://www.ouray.cudenver.edu/~slsanfor/postm.txt.
Next